The End Point of Progressive Christianity

Where there is no prophecy the people cast off restraint,but blessed is he who keeps the law.   (Proverbs 29:18)  

     We’re not cats, bats, or moray eels, as I pointed out in a recent post.  “We humans are different.  We are, again, unique among the world’s creatures.  We’re not governed by instinct, we alone can make free choices about how we act.” Just because we have free choice, however, does not mean that all possible choices are good, and it certainly does not mean we can simply disregard the experience of our ancestors.  We disregard the value of tradition at our peril.

     And yet tradition is not a very fashionable concept in some quarters.  Nonetheless, since today is Thursday, which (traditionally) we honor as “Throwback Thursday”, I’m reposting a piece from a few years ago exploring why we might want to pay a little more attention to what the Romans called the mos maiorum.

Henry Adams

          Many years ago, shortly after I had returned to the Church after my youthful sojourn among the secular agnostics, I read a book called The Education of Henry Adams.  Although it doesn’t sound like it from the title, it is an autobiography, and the author was  the grandson of U.S. President John Quincy Adams, and the great-grandson of the second President and revolutionary leader John Adams.  The one thing from Adams’ book that made the largest impression on me was the author’s dissatisfaction with (among other things) the spiritual emptiness of the Unitarian churches which his family attended; here, the drama of Salvation had been reduced to little more than guidelines for moral conduct.  It struck me that these same churches, just a few generations earlier, had been peopled by zealous Calvinists fleeing the Anglican Church because it had, in their view, strayed too far from the Gospel.  What had happened?  How had they changed so much, so quickly?

     It occurred to me that the cause of the erosion of their faith was that they had cut themselves off from the guidance of the Apostolic Church, from the power of its Tradition and its infallible Magisterium, from the Church that St. Paul had named “The pillar and the foundation of the Truth” (1 Timothy 3:15).  After all, however zealous our belief, however sincere our intentions, we fallible humans tend to wander off course without direction from above. We can see the proof not only in Henry Adams’ Unitarians, but in Protestantism in general.  All the historic Reformation churches have gone through numerous changes, not just in externals but in doctrine, and have continued splintering until it is impossible to say how many separate ecclesial bodies there are.  Whatever the eccentricities or errors of individual Catholics, however (including rather significant failings on the part of some Catholics in rather prominent positions of authority), and despite the two thousand years’ worth of baggage, the Catholic Church today is still, in its essentials, the Church of St. Thomas Aquinas, St. Augustine, and the Apostles.

A cafeteria is not a Wedding Feast

     Let me emphasize that this has nothing to do with the virtue or sincerity of individual Christians of any denomination.  I know and have worked with many non-Catholic Christians who live their faith in an exemplary way, and many Catholics who do not (including, sometimes, myself, I am sorry to say).  Over the long run, however, we can’t do it ourselves: we need Christ’s help, in the guidance of his Church and by the Grace that he confers through the Sacraments administered by that Church. More than that, it is through the Church and its sacraments that we most directly encounter Christ in this world.

     Of course there are Catholics, too, who don’t understand how essential the Church is to their relationship with their Lord.  They want to strip her of the things that they don’t like, but still receive the sacraments (when it suits them) and present themselves as Catholic.  A few years ago I ran across an essay by David Carlin called “Reducing Religion Down”, subtitled “How Liberal Christians Shrink the Faith”, in which Carlin dissects this phenomenon, which he calls “Liberal Christianity” (we could also use the term “Progressive Christianity”), among both Catholics and other Christians.  He explains that

            Liberal Christianity is made up of three reductions:

1.      The reduction of religion to morality.

2.      The reduction of morality to love of neighbor.

3.      The reduction of love of neighbor to tolerance plus welfare programs.

Notice that each of Carlin’s “reductions” becomes less demanding, and has less to do with our relationship with God.  Christian Faith becomes only a minor encumbrance, as Carlin explains:

Castle Acre Priory, from Wikimedia Commons

The reduction of love of neighbor to tolerance plus welfare programs makes it relatively easy for very busy men and women to be good Christians.  Being tolerant of almost everything except murder, rape, arson, bank robbery, child molestation, and a small number of other crimes – this is something you can do, at least once you’ve developed a knack for it, with a minimum expenditure of time and energy.  As for loving by means of welfare programs, all you have to do is pay your taxes and vote the straight Democratic ticket.

     This is not so different from the process we saw at work in Henry Adams’ Unitarian Church, and it’s internal logic leads, in the end, to only one thing.  Here’s how Carlin wraps up:

Speaking roughly and generally, liberal Christianity (and liberal Judaism too, for what I’m saying applies mutatis mutandis to Judaism as well) is a way-station – a temporary motel, so to speak – on the great ideological highway that leads from classical Christianity at one terminus to atheism at the other.

     It makes perfect sense, once you think about it: having reduced the fullness of Christian faith to a mere moral code, and a pretty minimal one at that, there is no longer any perceived need for salvation: we can save ourselves by following “the law” (take that, St. Paul!).  There is therefore no need for the Incarnation, Crucifixion, and Resurrection of Jesus Christ, and in fact no need for God at all; we’ve got it all covered, thank you very much.

Diseases of the Soul

     Naturally, morality is very important: immoral acts lead to bad consequences in this world and can separate us and others from God forever; we are quite capable of sinning our way into Hell . . . but we cannot, by any effort of our own, earn our way into Heaven.  For that we need God’s Grace, which is administered through his Church . . . which, as we have seen, is just what those whom David Carlin calls liberal Catholics are ready to jettison in all but name.

    I am reminded of Ursula LeGuin’s novel The Lathe of Heaven, in which the character called Dr. Haber, having discovered the power to turn dreams into reality, eventually turns the world into a living nightmare composed of fragments of different times and different realities, in which nothing really fits or works. At one point, hoping to remove sources of division between people, Haber creates a world in which everyone is the same shade of gray, with the vast variety of different characteristics that make each of us distinct persons erased.  I don’t think that LeGuin was a believing Christian, but she created a perfect picture  of what happens when we, with our finite understanding, try to remake God’s world in our own image: a monstrous absurdity in which, in the end, the human person is crushed.

Detail from a painting by Nivanh Chanthara

     Finally, let’s return briefly to poor old Henry Adams.  His autobiography exudes ennui and malaise (what one of Ursula LeGuin’s characters called “French diseases of the soul”), a sense of boredom, pointlessness, and dissatisfaction.  He seems acutely aware of his own insignificance in the shadow of greater forebears.  He has been given a moral code, but no sense that he plays a unique but indispensable role in the vastness of creation . . . and no realization that he is loved eternally and infinitely.  The thing is, if we want to be loved, we must be prepared to love in turn, and Jesus says, “Those who love me will keep my commandments”  (John 14:15).  If we only keep the commandments that suit us, however, we don’t love Jesus, we really love ourselves . . .  except we don’t, because true love can only be directed to an Other. And a solitary existence without the Love of God is, in the end, a very sad, lonely way to spend eternity.

*I am usually reluctant to apply  the secular political terms “liberal” and “conservative” to religion;  I use the terminology here because that is what Carlin uses.  

Featured Image top of page: Marriage Feast at Cana by Gaetano Gandofi, 1766

Agnus Dei from Haydn’s Missa in Tempore Belli

Spiritual Warfare has been a theme in a number of my posts recently, and for good reason: while the struggle “against the principalities, against the powers, against the world rulers of this present darkness, against the spiritual hosts of wickedness in the heavenly places” (Ephesians 6:12) is always with us, it has been causing more than a few ruffles on the surface of the visible world of late.  We can see this eternal struggle reflected not only in the increasing intensity of the Culture War in the secular sphere but, sadly, within the Church as well.

Joseph Haydn by Thomas Hardy, 1791

     What better Music Monday piece, then, than Haydn’s Mass in Time of War (Missa in Tempore Belli)? And what better selection than the Agnus Dei, the Lamb of God, whom we see in the Book of Revelation as the Victor in the final battle of the Cosmic War.

    It was indeed a time of war when Haydn composed the Missa in Tempore Belli in 1796.  His homeland Austria (at the time part of the Holy Roman Empire) had been at war with revolutionary France, and had been losing.  A French invasion seemed imminent.  We can hear the turbulence and uncertainty of the times reflected in Haydn’s music. This mass is also called the Paukenmesse (the “Kettle Drum Mass”) because it features a much more extensive use of percussion than was customary at the time.  In addition to military-sounding drumming, the horns in the Agnus Dei call to mind battle trumpets.

     Franz Joseph Haydn himself was a supremely talented and prolific composer, a gifted teacher (he numbered both Mozart and Beethoven among his pupils, the former also becoming a close friend), a great guy to hang out with, and a joyfully devout Catholic.  This 2014 article in Catholic World Report about the undeserved neglect of this magnificent Man of Music is a great brief introduction to Haydn’s work and life.

In the video below I pair a recording by the Bavarian Broadcasting Choir and Symphony Orchestra (conducted by Leonard Bernstein) with a representation of the Book of Revelation’s Lamb of God painted on the ceiling of the Union Church in Idstein, Germany.

Haydn: Missa in tempore belli “Paukenmesse” – Agnus Dei · Judith Blegen · Brigitte Fassbaender · Claes-Håkon Ahnsjö · Hans Sotin · Chor des Bayerischen Rundfunks · Symphonieorchester des Bayerischen Rundfunks · Leonard Bernstein

Haydn: Mass in C “Missa in Tempore Belli”

℗ 1985 Universal International Music B.V.

Released on: 1986-06-03

Composer: Franz Joseph Haydn

Ceiling painting from the Unionskirche, Idstein, Book of Revelation,”Worthy is the Lamb”, showing the Lamb, God the Father, an angel, the four Evangelists as symbolic animals, a row of angels with harps, ca. 1670.

Photo by Gerda Arendt

Witness to the Gospel of Love: St. Maximilian Kolbe

     Picture yourself in the death camp at Auschwitz. You’re standing in formation with all your fellow prisoners.  The Nazis who run the camp have a harsh disincentive to escape: for every inmate who finds a way to break out of the camp the guards pick out ten other prisoners at random and starve them to death.  As it happens, there has been such an escape, and the prisoners have been called together for the purpose of choosing the ten. The guards finish selecting their victims, and before it even begins to sink in that you are not among those chosen for the starvation bunker you see one of those who were chosen break down, begging to be released because he’s a husband and father. What do you do?

     This very situation was faced by St. Maximilian Kolbe, whose feast we celebrate today.  St. Maxilimilian had already lived an incredible life before he found himself in Auschwitz. He first answered the call to sanctity at a very early age, when he had a dream in which the Blessed Mother offered him two crowns: the white crown of purity, or the red crown of martyrdom . . . he chose both.  He went on to earn both of those crowns.

Iconographic image of St. Maximilian Kolbe from franciscan.org. St. Maxilimilian is depicted holding white and red crowns, with his concentration camp uniform slung over his Franciscan robe, and Auschitz in the background.

     From the very beginning St. Maximilian was eager to spread the faith.  He became a Conventual Franciscan, and before he was even ordained he founded The Militia Immaculata, a movement open to all Catholics that aims for the spiritual renewal of individuals and society through the consecration of its members to the Blessed Virgin Mary.  Evangelization is a large part of the Militia’s mission, and so St. Maximilian founded a large community for that purpose in his native Poland, where he published a magazine he called The Knight Of The Immaculata.  He later went to Nagasaki, Japan, where he established a similar community. He quickly became fluent in Japanese so that he could publish in that country as well.

     He evangelized through the written word and by the example of his sanctity, but also with his personal warmth and prodigious generosity.  Those who knew him at Auschwitz (an amazing number of whom somehow survived the experience) always spoke of his constant concern for his fellow prisoners, in spite of the sometimes worse abuse that he himself was suffering.  St. Maximilian had always said a Christian should strive to be a man for others. In the end, he lived out that conviction in a most powerful way.  

     Let’s return to the the incident with which we started above. When he saw his fellow inmate begging his captors to spare his life for the sake of his wife and children, St. Maximilian stepped forward and, in emulation of our Lord Jesus Christ, offered to die in his place, an offered accepted by the astounded camp commandant. In the starvation bunker St.Maximilian continued to serve his fellow men and women, leading the other condemned prisoners in prayer and in singing hymns (which we know because of the testimony of some of his German guards, whom he also won over). His captors eventually killed him on August 14th 1941 by lethal injection, since he was still alive after two weeks with no food or water.

     St. Maximilian is the Patron Saint of jounalists (and of this blog) because of his commitment to using modern means of communication to spread the message of Jesus Christ. The most effective  modern means of communication available in St. Maximilian Kolbe’s day was a printing press.  If he were with us today, he would not only be publishing in print, but would also be a presence online, publishing, blogging, and taking full advantage of social media.  In addition to journalists, he is also the Patron Saint of drug addicts, families, political prisoners, and the pro-life movement.

St. Maximilian (front row center, bearded) with fellow Conventual Franciscans in Japan.

    We need to follow St. Mamilian’s example of speaking out boldly on behalf of Catholic Truth, today more than ever, especially as tech and communications giants (who are no great friends of the Gospel or the Church) tighten their totalitarian grip on the flow of information.  I began this blog in January of this year as my own small part in that effort of evangelization (see here).  St. Maximilian Kolbe serves as a most appropriate intercessor, and gives us a model to follow with his courage and eloquence.

       Even more than his eloquence, however, or his ability to communicate the beauty of the Catholic Faith, St. Maximilian witnessed with his own life.  He lived up to both the Crowns offered by the Blessed Mother, and like Our Lord, showed us that “Greater love has no man than this, that a man lay down his life for his friends” (John 15:13).

Featured image top of page: main gate to the Auschwitz concentration camp

Spiritual Warfare, the Chain of Command, and St. Equitius

  “You may not be interested in war, but war is interested in you.” -attributed to Leon Trotsky

     There’s a battle raging, and we’re all part of it, like it or not.  The growing intensity of the Culture War that’s engulfing our society is just a surface manifestation of the real war that’s been underway since Satan was cast out of Heaven. In my recent post on St. Ignatius Loyola we looked at the idea of being a “Soldier for Christ”.  This is not simply an analogy; in fact, we could argue that the wars we fight in this world are the images of the great eternal combat, the true war, between the army of God and the forces of the Devil.

The Church Triumphant

     The term Church Militant expresses the understanding that waging this spiritual war is our primary occupation on earth.  The Church Militant is one part of a traditional tripartite division of the Communion of Saints, which is the Church throughout time: the Church Milititant (those of us still living in this world), the Church Penitent (the souls in Purgatory), and the Church Triumphant (those Christians in the presence of God in Heaven). “Militant” means “soldiering” in Latin. Being a Christian in this life means being on the front lines.  Just as in a modern army there are as many as ten support troops for every front line soldier with his rifle, so in the Communion of Saints the Church Penitent and the Church Triumphant have our back.

     It is also true that for every officer there are numerous enlisted soldiers.  We can see parallells in the Church Triumphant. There are many saints who have played a large leadership role in the life of the Church, and who are well-known to most Catholics (although not as familiar as they once were). St. Clare of Assisi, whose feast we celebrate today [August 11th], is one of these officers of the Church Triumphant. If we look at the list of saints for today’s date at catholic.org, however, we’ll find fourteen other canonized saints who share the feast day with her.  These are the enlisted men and women among the canonized saints, whose names and stories we may not know, but who all played their part in the eternal war.  They all intercede for us still, and their lives can serve as model and inspiration.

St. Equitius

     One of those fourteen foot soldiers of the Church Triumphant who has his feast day today is St. Equitius, whose story is told by Pope St. Gregory the Great in his Dialogues. It seems Equitius was one of those holy men and women who sought a life solitude with The Lord by living as a hermit. As is often the way, the hermit’s sanctity attracted a growing number of followers, whom he eventually organized into a formal monastic establishment at Terni.  Despite the leadership role that was thrust upon him Equitius never received priestly ordination.  His lack of holy orders prompted complaints, and so the Pope sent a priest, a certain Julian, to investigate.  Before Julian’s investigation reached a conclusion, however, the issue was settled by the Pope himself, who was prompted by a vision to bestow his blessing upon the saint.  By the time of his death in 570 Equitius had founded a number of monasteries.

     There is something very inspiring about the story of St. Equitius that resonates beyond his time and place.  We have the individual believer, Equitius, who through his “reputation for sanctity” draws more people out of the world and into the Church, and strengthens the faith of those who already believe.  He models the mission given to all Christians to sanctify the world.  He is a layman, however, and some people are afraid that he is straying into territory rightly reserved for ordained clergy.  The Pope, who embodies the clergy’s threefold mission of sanctifying, governing, and teaching investigates; under the guidance of the Holy Spirit, he gives his assent and support to St. Equitius’ holy work.

     This is a nice illustration, I think, of a couple of simple but important ideas.  First, we are all called to sanctity and to mission.  At the same time, we all have different roles, and we need to respect the individual missions God has entrusted to each of us.  There is a lot of confusion in recent years about the importance of preserving, and observing, these important distinctions.  Sometimes the laity’s call to holiness is misunderstood to mean that lay people should be moving into the sanctuary and acting more like priests, who are in turn expected to behave more like the laity.  

The Church Militant (detail from featured image top of page)

     But that’s not how it’s supposed to work. Above I compared the Church Triumphant to an army, with the great saints the officers and the more obscure saints the common soldiers.   The analogy applies even more fittingly to the Church Militant, the “soldiering” Church here on earth.  Here the bishops and priests are the officers, who train us lay people and lead us into battle; we are the common soldiers who apply our “training” to the fight on the front lines, i.e., in the world.  If instead we try to knock our general off his horse and hop up in his place, we are really fighting for the enemy.  The army is only successful when everyone carries out his or her own assigned mission within the chain of command.

     Saint Equitius understood that his mission to sanctify the world by living a life of holiness and attracting others to that life was more importasnt than his desire for solitude, and likewise he did not seek for himself the authority or status of the priesthood.  His superior officer, the Pope, yielded to higher authority when he suspended his own investigation after receiving a dispatch from Supreme Headquarters ordering him to give his blessing to the saint. We all serve our Lord best when we are faithful to the role we have been given. That’s a good lesson for all of us.

Featured image top of page: Blessed is the Host of the King of Heaven (alternatively known as Church Militant). Russian icon, ca. 1550 – 1560. Tretyakov Gallery.

I haven’t been able to find out the source of the image of The Church Triumphant that appears in the body of the article above. I welcome any information on the artist or location.

Giuseppe Sarti’s ‘Now the Powers of Heaven’ and Rublev’s ‘Holy Trinity’

Giuseppe Sarti

Those of us in the West who have heard of the Italian composer Giuseppe Sarti most likely know about him through the tribute paid by another composer: in Mozart’s Don Giovanni Don Juan listens to an air from Sarti’s opera Fra i due litiganti il terzo gode as the old rake enjoys his final dinner before being dragged off to Hell.
     Many of our Orthodox brethren know Sarti more directly: in 1785, the year before his music was show-cased in Mozart’s opera, Sarti took up residence in Russia at the invitation of the Empress Catherine the Great.  There he composed not only operas, but also some magnificent sacred music for use in the Russian Orthodox Church.  In the video below the Chamber Choir Ireland performs one of his best known sacred works, the breath-taking “Now The Powers of Heaven”. 

The featured image is an icon of the Holy Trinity (in the form of the Three Visitors to Abraham in Genesis chapter 18), painted by the Russian Artist Andrei Rublev c. 1411.

      

Has Tradition Become a Dirty Word?

     Picture Sunday Mass in a typical parish.  A mother comes up for communion holding a small child in her arms.  As she approaches the priest, she awkwardly holds on to her infant with one arm in order to free up the other to take the Eucharistic host and quickly pop it into her mouth before she drops it, or her squirming child, to the floor.  I’ve witnessed this scene on numerous occasions over the years, and I always wonder why the harried parent doesn’t avail herself of a simple and effective method of protecting both the safety of her son or daughter and the dignity of all the parties involved (very much including Christ present in the Eucharist): hold her child securely in both arms, extend her tongue, and receive the Body of Christ in the same manner as her ancestors did for centuries before her: the manner that is still, officially, the norm for the entire Church.

     But let’s set aside, for the moment, the issue of Church norms. Why should the young mother holding her baby receiving communion, or any of us for that matter, care what our ancestors did?  That is to say, what is the point of tradition?

“Les Premières Communiantes” by Blanchard, Musée de la Civilisation, Québec

     The question of the value of tradition has been given a certain currency by Pope Francis’ recent motu proprio Traditionis Custodes, which seeks to restrict the Traditional Latin Mass (TLM). G.K. Chesterton called tradition “the democracy of the dead” because it gives our forebears a “vote” in how we conduct ourselves here and now.  This is something unique to humanity.  It makes no difference to a cat, or a bat, or a moray eel that it is doing what it’s ancestors did;  Animals are biologically programmed to behave exactly as previous generations have done.  A dog doesn’t give the least thought to whether or not he should leave his mark on a given fire hydrant, he simply does it and moves on.  

     We humans are different.  We are, again, unique among the world’s creatures.  We’re not governed by instinct, we alone can make free choices about how we act. We have been endowed by our Creator with awareness of self, with the ability to make distinctions, to think abstractly:

[W]hat is man that thou art mindful of him, and the son of man that thou dost care for him? Yet thou hast made him little less than God, and dost crown him with glory and honor.  Thou hast given him dominion over the works of thy hands; thou hast put all things under his feet, all sheep and oxen, and also the beasts of the field, the birds of the air, and the fish of the sea, whatever passes along the paths of the sea. O LORD, our Lord, how majestic is thy name in all the earth! (Psalm 8:4-9)

The second sentence above is sometimes translated “Thou hast made him little less than the angels.” Like the angels we have been endowed by God with great gifts. Like the angels we can forget the divine source of those gifts, and succumb to pride . . . and therefore fall.  

“The Fall of the Rebel Angels” by Edward Dayes, 1798

     Tradition, if we pay attention to it, steers us away from that fall.  For one thing, the experience of our ancestors and their choices, good and bad, guides us in sound decision-making: “Those who cannot remember the past are doomed to repeat it,” as George Santayana famously said. More than that, the realization that what we know and what we can do is only made possible by centuries of trial, error, and reflection (“We stand on the shoulders of giants”) helps us understand that we can claim little credit for our achievements, and warns against the temptation of that pride which leadeth to the fall (see Proverbs 16:18).

     Sacred tradition, tradition as preserved by the Church in scripture, doctrine, liturgy, and sacraments does even more than that, much more.  It reveals to us the involvement of God in every part of the human story, and directly connects us to the life of God Himself. The highest expression of sacred tradition is the Eucharist as the True Body and Blood of Christ himself, and the Church as His Mystical Body.

     Before I go further, let’s note the distinction between Sacred Tradition, sometimes called Tradition with a capital T, and lowercase sacred traditions.  Sacred Tradition with a capital T refers to essential elements of Catholic belief and practice that have existed from the beginning and cannot change, such as doctrinal definitions.  Lowercase traditions are things that are beneficial, even holy, but are not essential, such as devotional practices.  These can be changed or abrogated if they are no longer helpful.  The Mass contains both kinds of tradition. There are essential, unchangeable elements such as a validly consecrated priest, an altar, a victim, and a sacrifice; there are also changeable factors, such as (despite my fondness for Latin) the language in which the Mass is conducted, or the posture we assume in receiving communion.

     Just because sacred traditions (as opposed to Sacred Tradition) can be changed, however, it doesn’t follow that they do not fill an important role in the spiritual lives of believers, or that setting them aside without good reason would do no harm.  We can clearly see why this is so when we look at ordinary, non sacred traditions.  Consider the policy of totalitarian revolutionaries from time immemorial: one of the first things they do is to destroy established tradition. They try to undermine the traditional family by separating children from their parents and husband from wife (that’s why communists have often been champions of so-called “free love”); they abolish religion and secular associations that exist outside of their control.  Totalitarians seek to erase any pre-existing sense of identity so that they can forge a new identity, and form people according to their own designs.

Guess what this is: Sacred Heart Church, Altruras, CA, 1883

     It’s hard to avoid the conclusion that something similar has been happening in the Church for most of the past century, going back even before the Second Vatican Council.  Consider church architecture.  Despite sometimes significant changes over time, any church built from the time Christians emerged from catacombs in the 4th century up until the mid twentieth century, from the humblest parish church to the grandest basilica, would be immediately recognizable for what it was, and in fact as of a kind with all the other churches.  Moreover, sacred architecture has always used the elements of the building itself to evangelize, using a balanced and hierarchical arrangement to represent the order of God’s universe, with all things drawing the eye ultimately to the altar and the tabernacle at the center.  

     Somewhere during the twentieth century church architecture makes a sudden turn in a radically different direction, and we see church buildings that look like spaceships, or half-capsized boats, or mere angular jumbles of seemingly random chunks of concrete.  The altar is an unremarkable table, and good luck finding the tabernacle.  Instead of being “sermons in stone” the new churches spoke of nothing so much as the disorder in the mind of the human architects who designed them or of the confused churchmen who commissioned them.

     Something similar happened in liturgy.  The “new” Mass that emerged in 1970 was significantly different from the reforms envisioned by the Second Council, and the actual implementation of the reformed liturgy took things even beyond the changes specified in the new Mass itself.  I’m not saying that the current liturgy is invalid; I am arguing that the radical changes there, as in architecture and other features in the life of the Church, have rashly and unnecessarily done violence to things that help draw Catholic believers closer to God and to each other. 

“What the . . . ?” Church of Sainte-Bernadette du Banlay, Nevers, France, 1966

     I’d like to return briefly to the image I started out with, the mother or father juggling a squirming baby in one hand and the Sacred Body and Blood of Christ in the other.  I noted that simply receiving on the tongue would be much more comfortable, efficient, and dignified, not to mention safer for the baby.  Those advantages, however, are not the point: they are simply a happy consequence of what we ought to be doing anyway. 

    I’m not simply stating my personal opinion: communion on the tongue is the established rule.  The Church’s official stance was clearly stated in 1969 by the Sacred Congregation for Divine Worship in its instruction Memoriale Domini.  This is the document which grants permission for distribution of communion in the hand. We should note that this permission is granted only after a two-thirds vote of the regional bishops’ conference and confirmation by the Holy See.  Significantly, the greater part of the instruction is given to emphasizing why communion on the tongue is greatly to be preferred to receiving in the hand, and why the traditional practice remains the rule (my bold):

. . . with a deepening understanding of the truth of the Eucharistic Mystery, of its power and of the presence of Christ in it, there came a greater feeling of reverence towards this sacrament and a deeper humility was felt to be demanded when receiving it.  Thus the custom was established of the minister placing a particle of consecrated bread on the tongue of the communicant.

     This method of distributing holy communion must be retained, taking the present situation of the Church in the entire world into account, not merely because it has many centuries of tradition behind it, but especially because it expresses the faithful’s reverence for the Eucharist . . .

     The Apostolic See therefore emphatically urges bishops, priests and laity to obey carefully the law which is still valid and which has again been confirmed.

The reason for the rule is to show, and to help the recipient feel, the deepest reverence for the presence of Christ in the Sacrament.  

     I was working on a lengthy post on this topic last month in response to a reader’s comment.  I was derailed by the publication of Traditionis Custodes (among other things). I may return to explore the topic in greater length at some point; today I’m simply using it as an example.  In any case, my point is this: even if we don’t privilege one form of reception of the Eucharist over the other, why is there such resistance to the more traditional way, even to the point of risking injury to one’s own child?  For that matter, why are most children taught the reluctantly granted exception, but not the actual norm?  Why is there so much hostility to the traditional form?

     “Hostility” is no exaggeration (and again, this is just one example of a much wider trend).  Memoriale Domini says in defense of the traditional practice: 

     The custom [i.e., reception on the tongue] does not detract in any way from the personal dignity of those who approach this great sacrament: it is part of that preparation that is needed for the most fruitful reception of the Body of the Lord.

     If you that doubt promoters of the new practice object precisely to the gestures of humility inherent in the old, consider the following excerpt from “progessive” Catholic commentator Peter Steinfels’ 2003 book A People Adrift.  Steinfels dismissively describes the traditional communicant as “kneeling, eyes closed and tongue outstretched like a baby bird being fed” as opposed to a communicant who “stood eye-to-eye with the priest or Eucharistic minister, touching objects previously handled by the priest alone.”  The overriding concern here is not the reverence due to the Lord of the Universe; in fact, it seems to be altogether forgotten in the power struggle with His human priest. The focus here is the assertion of the Autonomous Human Self.  So much for standing on the shoulders of giants.

     This refusal to submit ourselves to the wisdom of tradition (and, by extension, to the Divine Inspiration for those traditions) seems to be the motivating factor in much of the change that has happened in the Church over the past century. We can see this refusal manifested in the architectural innovations mentioned above (along with the wanton destruction of the beautiful interiors of so many churches), the avoidance of any discussion of sin, and the replacement of an emphasis on the holy and transcendent with a focus on the material and earthly (social justice, Liberation Theology).  We are abandoning the things that point us to God in favor of the merely human.  Are we surprised that more and more people are deciding that they simply don’t need the Church at all?    

 It should also come as no surprise that areas of growth in the Church are those places that embrace tradition: religious orders that emphasize wearing a habit and adhering to Church teaching, dioceses and parishes that embrace Church teaching and the traditional elements in the new Mass, and, of course, the Traditional Latin Mass. What concerns me most about Traditionis Custodes is that, instead of seeing that growth as a positive thing that brings more people closer to Christ, and therefore as something we should work to inculcate more widely in the Church, this pontificate has embraced the same hostility that took sledgehammers to beautiful, inspiring marble altars and communion rails.  We risk dropping the baby on the floor.

Featured image top of page: “Communion Midnight Mass” (Evans/Getty Images)

God, We Praise You – Domenico Scarlatti’s “Te Deum” and Raphael’s “Disputation of the Holy Sacrament”

Domenico Scarlatti

  In the teaching world we have a saying: “The apple doesn’t fall far from the tree”.  In other words, when we meet the parents, we often understand why our students are the way they are (my lovely bride often quotes this back to me when one of our children does something particularly egregious – I’m not quite sure what she’s getting at).
     Today I mean it in a good way: last week we heard Alessandro Scarlatti’s magnificent Exsultante Deo, today an equally inspiring Te Deum from his son, Domenico Scarlatti (1685 – 1757).  This apple didn’t far fall at all.

To learn more about the Te Deum, see below.

To learn more about the featured image above, Raphael’s The Disputation of the Holy Sacrament, look here.

The Te Deum is an ancient Christian prayer.  Its title comes from its first line in Latin: Te Deum Laudamus, “We praise you, God.”  For many centuries Christians would sing the Te Deum as a song of celebration and thanks to God.  This was true not only after events of clearly religious significance, such as the Christian victory over the Muslim Turks in the Battle of Lepanto in 1572, but on the occasion of more worldly triumphs as well, in recognition that all good things are a gift from God.  For instance, the English King Henry V is reputed to have ordered his army to sing the hymn after their victory over the French at Agincourt in 1415, an event William Shakespeare includes in his play Henry V. 

    While nowhere near as old as the psalms, the Te Deum is still a very ancient prayer, having been composed in the 3rd or 4th century.  Its authorship is unknown, but has been attributed to St. Ambrose and/or St. Augustine, St. Nicetas of Remesiana, or St. Hillary of Poitiers. It has been set to music many times over the centuries.

Te Deum

Te Deum laudámus: te Dominum confitémur. Te ætérnum Patrem omnis terra venerátur. Tibi omnes Angeli; tibi cæli et univérsae potestátes. Tibi Chérubim et Séraphim incessábili voce proclámant: Sanctus, Sanctus, Sanctus, Dóminus Deus Sábaoth. Pleni sunt cæli et terra majestátis glóriæ tuæ. Te gloriósus Apostolórum chorus; Te Prophetárum laudábilis númerus; Te Mártyrum candidátus laudat exércitus. Te per orbem terrárum sancta confitétur Ecclésia: Patrem imménsæ majestátis; Venerándum tuum verum et únicum Fílium; Sanctum quoque Paráclitum Spíritum. Tu Rex glóriæ, Christe. Tu Patris sempitérnus es Fílius. Tu ad liberándum susceptúrus hóminem, non horruísti Vírginis úterum. Tu, devícto mortis acúleo, aperuísti credéntibus regna cælórum. Tu ad déxteram Dei sedes, in glória Patris. Judex créderis esse ventúrus. Te ergo quǽsumus, tuis fámulis súbveni,     quos pretióso sánguine redemísti. Ætérna fac cum sanctis tuis in glória numerári. Salvum fac pópulum tuum, Dómine, et bénedic hæreditáti tuæ. Et rege eos, et extólle illos usque in ætérnum. Per síngulos dies benedícimus te. Et laudámus nomen tuum in sǽculum, et in sǽculum sǽculi. Dignáre, Dómine, die isto sine peccáto nos custodíre. Miserére nostri, Dómine, miserére nostri. Fiat misericórdia tua, Dómine, super nos, quemádmodum sperávimus in te. In te, Dómine, sperávi: non confúndar in ætérnum.

You are God: we praise you; You are the Lord: we acclaim you; You are the eternal Father: All creation worships you. To you all angels, all the powers of heaven, Cherubim and Seraphim, sing in endless praise: Holy, holy, holy, Lord, God of power and might, heaven and earth are full of your glory.The glorious company of apostles praise you. The noble fellowship of prophets praise you. The white-robed army of martyrs praise you. Throughout the world the holy Church acclaims you: Father, of majesty unbounded,your true and only Son, worthy of all worship, and the Holy Spirit, advocate and guide. You, Christ, are the King of glory, the eternal Son of the Father. When you became man to set us free you did not spurn the Virgin’s womb. You overcame the sting of death, and opened the kingdom of heaven to all believers. You are seated at God’s right hand in glory. We believe that you will come, and be our judge. Come then, Lord, and help your people, bought with the price of your own blood, and bring us with your saints to glory everlasting. Save your people, Lord, and bless your inheritance.— Govern and uphold them now and always. Day by day we bless you. — We praise your name for ever. Keep us today, Lord, from all sin. — Have mercy on us, Lord, have mercy. Lord, show us your love and mercy, — for we have put our trust in you.In you, Lord, is our hope: — And we shall never hope in vain.